TCP/IP Model
COMPUTER NETWORK NOTES(IOE, BSCCSIT,BCA)
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP Model was developed in the 1970s by the U.S. Department of Defense and is widely adopted and forms the basis of the modern Internet. The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a set of communication protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. It consists of four layers, each responsible for different aspects of the communication process.
- Link Layer (Network Access Layer)
- Handles hardware-level communication (similar to OSI’s Physical & Data Link layers).
- Manages frame transmission over the physical medium.
- Uses MAC addresses for device identification.
- Controls error detection and correction in data transmission.
- Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (802.11), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol).
- Internet Layer
- Responsible for logical addressing and routing (similar to OSI’s Network layer).
- Uses IP addresses for device identification.
- Handles packet forwarding, fragmentation, and reassembly.
- Supports connectionless communication.
- Examples: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP (error reporting), ARP, RIP, OSPF.
- Transport Layer
- Ensures end-to-end communication (similar to OSI’s Transport layer).
- Uses segmentation, flow control, and error handling.
- Supports multiplexing/demultiplexing (using port numbers).
- Uses two main protocols:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Reliable, connection-oriented.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – Fast, connectionless.
Examples: TCP, UDP, SCTP.
- Application Layer
- Provides network services to end-users (similar to OSI’s Application, Presentation, and Session layers).
- Supports data formatting, encryption, and compression.
- Uses various protocols for communication, such as:
- HTTP/HTTPS (web browsing)
- FTP (file transfer)
- SMTP, POP3, IMAP (email services)
- DNS (domain name resolution)
Examples: HTTP, FTP, DNS, SSH, SNMP.
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